Tourism Law in Europe

10 stimuli. The debate is very intense, with a strong judicial contrast, once again focused on administrative regulation. 4. The Traditional Contractual Models in Italian Law: The Tour Operator and the Intermediary Traditionally, in Italy, the tourism sector provides for the figures of the tour operator and the intermediary 38 . The legislator has always kept the two contractual models separate, particularly in terms of liability. The former organises the package and receives the relevant services, plans the holiday and enters into the relevant contracts with third-party service providers and is therefore liable for the failure to complete the trip or to complete it in the proper manner. On the contrary, the intermediary is an agent and undertakes to conclude a contract for the purchase of a package, usually on behalf of the tourist. Therefore, their liability relates to the entering into the travel contract. Although, even before the EU directive / 2015 / 2302, the respective liability regimes were distinct, the Code provided for the same system of exoneration for both professionals; therefore, pursuant to art. 46, both the tour operator and the intermediary would have had to prove that the damage was due to the behaviour of the tourist, to the fact of a third party, unrelated to their organisation, or to fortuitous event or force majeure 39 . This was a strict liability for business risk, which, while justified with regard to the tour operators’ activity, was inconsistent with the figure of the intermediary. With the amendment of the Code, following the legislative decree No. 62 of 2018, implementing the EU Directive / 2015 / 2302, the liability profiles have been better defined. In particular, with regard to the tour operator, the Code focuses on the concept of dissimilarity 40 . Thus, according to art. 43, in case of lack of conformity, found during 38 See F. Scortecci, Ancora sulla responsabilità del venditore e dell’organizzatore della vacanza, in Dir tur., 2005, 273 et seq ; Vernizzi, Brevi note in materia di responsabilità dell’organizzatore di viaggi e dell’intermediario (venditore) in Resp. civ. prev ., 2007, 611 et seq . 39 See L. Tullio, La responsabilità dell’organizzatore e dell’intermediario dopo il Codice del consumo, in Aa. Vv., Attività alberghiera e di trasporto nel pacchetto turistico all inclusive; le forme di tutela del turista consumatore, edited by Busti - Santuari, Trento, 2006, 119 et seq .; Venchiarutti, Viaggi organizzati e tutela del turista , Padova, 2012, 34 et seq .; Ambrosini, Finalità turistica e allocazione del rischio di impossibilità della prestazione, in Riv. dir. tur., 2014, 269 et seq . 40 See Finessi, La responsabilità del professionista nella nuova disciplina dei contratti di viaggio, in Nuove leggi civ. comm., 2018, 1320 et seq ., and by the same A., Prestazioni di servizi “non conformi” al contratto di viaggio e rimedi contrattuali esperabili dal viaggiatore nella direttiva 2015 / 2302/ Ue: prospettive di